영어문법을 배워보자.(5)

 

* 기초 영어문법을 공부해봅시다.

 

{5} 시제

(1) 시제의 일치

1. 종은 주인을 따른다.

She always says I'm handsome.

2. 주절의 시제가 현재라 할지라도 이치상으로 종속 절의 시제는 과거인 경우 : 그녀는 젊었을 때 예뻤다고들 한다.

= They say that she was pretty when she was young. 

-> They said that she had been pretty when she was young.

3. 주절이 동사가 과거가 되면 종속절의 현재완료는 과거완료

I think he has finished the work. 

-> I thought he had finished the work.

4. 쿠데타

① 진리는 항상 현재형

He knows the earth moves around. 

-> He knew the earth moves around.

② 현재의 습관은 항상 현재형
I know my mom gives me a hug about at six every morning. 

-> I knew my mom gives me a hug about at six every morning.

③ 발생은 과거에 이루어졌지만 현재까지 영향이 미치는 일은 현재형

She said she is in Seoul now.

④ 역사적인 사실은 항상 과거시제

They taught us the Second World War broke out in 1939.

⑤ 가정법 종속절 동사의 시제는 주절의 시제가 변 해도 변하지 ×

I wish I could fly. 

-> I wished I could fly.

⑥ 주절이 과거가 되더라도 추측을 나타내는 must be는 불변 Everybody said she must be a widow.

추측이 아닌 경우 주절이 과거가 되면 must는 had to로 해도 되고 그냥 두어도 됨.

Everybody said that you must work hard.

= Everybody said that you had to work hard. 

* ought to, had better, should, need He said that I should go home right away.

 

(2) 화법이란 무엇인가?

직접화법 -> 간접화법

Sam said to me, "I'm happy." -> Sam told me that he was happy.

1. 평서문의 화법

① 전달동사의 변화

say -> say say to -> tell

② 때와 장소를 나타내는 부사를 이치에 맞게 변화

Mom said, "I arrived here two days ago." 

-> Mom said that she had arrived there two days before.

here -> there

this -> there

these -> those

now -> then

ago -> before

today -> that day

yesterday -> the day before, the previous day

tomorrow -> the next day, the following day

last week -> the week before, the previous night

next -> the next, the following
2. Yes, No의 간접화법

She said, "Yes."

-> She accepted.

-> She agreed.

-> She answered in the negative.

She said, "No."

-> She refused.

-> She denied.

-> She answered in the negative.

3. 의문문의 화법은 어떤 식으로

① He said to me, "How much did you make?"

-> He asked me how much did you made.

의문사가 있으면 그대로 둠.

주어 +동사의 순으로 나열.

4. 명령문의 화법은 어떤 식으로 전달동사는 tell, ask, beg, order, command, bid, advise, request, forbid

피전달문은 to 부정사로 연결

Father said to me, "Break up with her."

-> Father told me to break up with her.

The maid said to me, " Please go shopping for me."

-> The maid asked me to go shopping for her.

The doctor said to me, "Don't sit up too late."

-> The doctor advised me not to sit up too late.

She said to us. "Let's play go-stop."

-> She suggested (to us) that we should play go-stop.

5. 감탄문은 간접화법을 어떻게 만드는가?

전달동사는 cry (out), shout, exclaim, remark

My wife said, "How happy I am!"

-> My wife remarked how happy she was.

= My wife remarked (that) she was very happy.

He said, "Hurrah! I've won."

-> He cried with joy (that) he had won.

Hurrah -> with joy, with delight, joyfully

6. 기원문의 화법전환은 어떻게

He said, "May god bless me!"

-> He prayed that God might bless him.

7. 여러 문장이 이어질 때, 간접화법은?

The lady said, "A thief appeared and took my bag away."

-> The lady said that a thief had appeared and that had taken her bag away.

Mom said to me, "Hurry up, or you'll be late for work."
-> My mom told me (that) I would be late for work if I didn't hurry up.